Crystallization
Uranium recovery from wet-process phosphoric acid is the only mature industrial route to a critical raw material that was carried to commercial scale, run for more than two decades, and then deliberately shut down on price.
Technology brief
Uranium recovery from wet-process phosphoric acid is the only mature industrial route to a critical raw material that was carried to commercial scale, run for more than two decades, and then deliberately shut down on price.
The challenge
Feedstock streams: wet-process phosphoric acid (the primary stream, 80–90% of the uranium in the ore); phosphogypsum, fresh and stacked (the remaining 10–20%); mine and quarry waters of uranium and coal basins; in situ leach solutions.
Outputs: uranium fraction (upgrading to commercial-grade yellowcake is a separate, uncosted step); Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb, Lu and the rest of the REE basket from the same pass; clean water; acid returned to process.
End uses: nuclear fuel cycle.
ARBOK solution
Uranium recovery from wet-process phosphoric acid is the only mature industrial route to a critical raw material that was carried to commercial scale, run for more than two decades, and then deliberately shut down on price. US plants operated 1976–1999 at a peak of ~1 100 t U₃O₈/yr and accounted for ~90% of all commercial capacity of this type ever built worldwide; in some years the route supplied up to 20% of American uranium. It ended because uranium fell below the cost of recovery, not because the chemistry failed.
The decisive physical fact: 80–90% of the uranium in phosphate rock reports to the liquid phase — to the acid itself — and only 10–20% stays in the phosphogypsum. The uranium does not have to be found, no rock has to be broken for it, and no mine has to be permitted. It is already dissolved, in an acid medium, being pumped through the pipework of an operating plant.
Every condition that justified the 1999 closure has reversed. Spot U₃O₈ USD 86.90/lb (12 Aug 2026) against demonstration-scale recovery cost of USD 18–21/lb — a fourfold gap. The US consumes ~19 000 t U/yr and mined 534 t in 2025 (3% of requirement, ~97% imported); the Russian-uranium prohibition has applied since Aug 2024 and the waivers expire 1 Jan 2028. World mine output 60 213 t U (2024) covered only 90% of reactor demand, 39% of it Kazakhstan.
Why the old route has not returned: the classical answer is a plant inside a plant — solvent-extraction or ion-exchange trains with reagent inventory, organic-phase circulation and a twenty-year payback horizon that has already disappointed investors once. Containerised modularity converts that capital project into equipment.
First metal in the series that pays for the project by itself. Terbium, lanthanum, lutetium and erbium come out of phosphogypsum as a basket and none funds an installation alone. Uranium does.
> Core technology and architecture: see ARBOK-VC (Vacuum Cracking).
The stream is treated in the state it already arrives in. Cold boiling under deep vacuum. No furnaces, no membranes, no purchased reagents in the core. Separation happens in a single pass, inside the solution itself, without the classical cascade of hundreds of stages.
Market and application
The customer is not a uranium company — it is a phosphate fertiliser producer through whose plant uranium currently passes in transit earning nothing. No change to the core process, no rebuild of the sulphuric or ammonia section, no new market to learn: uranium concentrate is exchange-traded with established contracting. A second product from the same feed, on the same site, with the same staff.
Basis: site handling 1 Mt/yr of phosphogypsum = 200 000 t P₂O₅ = ~667 000 t rock = ~510 000 m³/yr of wet-process phosphoric acid = 1 400 m³/day = 7 ARBOK units of 200 m³/day.
Use cases
Feedstock streams: wet-process phosphoric acid (the primary stream, 80–90% of the uranium in the ore); phosphogypsum, fresh and stacked (the remaining 10–20%); mine and quarry waters of uranium and coal basins; in situ leach solutions.
Outputs: uranium fraction (upgrading to commercial-grade yellowcake is a separate, uncosted step); Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb, Lu and the rest of the REE basket from the same pass; clean water; acid returned to process.
End uses: nuclear fuel cycle.
Direct determination of uranium in the specific stream (never inferred from rock average) → configuration → install on the existing acid or water line. Purchase or BOOM with off-take on the uranium fraction.
Phosphoric-acid plants; phosphogypsum stacks under closure obligation; mine water treatment under reclamation bonds; ISL wellfields. Connects to ARBOK-PHOSPHOGYPSUM, ARBOK-Phosphate, ARBOK-SA, ARBOK-Thorium, ARBOK-NUKE.
Uranium recovery from wet-process phosphoric acid is the only mature industrial route to a critical raw material that was carried to commercial scale, run for more than two decades, and then deliberately shut down on price. US plants operated 1976–1999 at a peak of ~1 100 t U₃O₈/yr and accounted for ~90% of all commercial capacity of this type ever built worldwide; in some years the route supplied up to 20% of American uranium. It ended because uranium fell below the cost of recovery, not because the chemistry failed.
The decisive physical fact: 80–90% of the uranium in phosphate rock reports to the liquid phase — to the acid itself — and only 10–20% stays in the phosphogypsum. The uranium does not have to be found, no rock has to be broken for it, and no mine has to be permitted. It is already dissolved, in an acid medium, being pumped through the pipework of an operating plant.
Every condition that justified the 1999 closure has reversed. Spot U₃O₈ USD 86.90/lb (12 Aug 2026) against demonstration-scale recovery cost of USD 18–21/lb — a fourfold gap. The US consumes ~19 000 t U/yr and mined 534 t in 2025 (3% of requirement, ~97% imported); the Russian-uranium prohibition has applied since Aug 2024 and the waivers expire 1 Jan 2028. World mine output 60 213 t U (2024) covered only 90% of reactor demand, 39% of it Kazakhstan.
Why the old route has not returned: the classical answer is a plant inside a plant — solvent-extraction or ion-exchange trains with reagent inventory, organic-phase circulation and a twenty-year payback horizon that has already disappointed investors once. Containerised modularity converts that capital project into equipment.
First metal in the series that pays for the project by itself. Terbium, lanthanum, lutetium and erbium come out of phosphogypsum as a basket and none funds an installation alone. Uranium does.
> Core technology and architecture: see ARBOK-VC (Vacuum Cracking).
Feedstock streams: wet-process phosphoric acid (the primary stream, 80–90% of the uranium in the ore); phosphogypsum, fresh and stacked (the remaining 10–20%); mine and quarry waters of uranium and coal basins; in situ leach solutions.
Outputs: uranium fraction (upgrading to commercial-grade yellowcake is a separate, uncosted step); Nd, Pr, Dy, Tb, Lu and the rest of the REE basket from the same pass; clean water; acid returned to process.
End uses: nuclear fuel cycle.
The stream is treated in the state it already arrives in. Cold boiling under deep vacuum. No furnaces, no membranes, no purchased reagents in the core. Separation happens in a single pass, inside the solution itself, without the classical cascade of hundreds of stages.
U₃O₈ spot: USD 86.90/lb (12 Aug 2026). Demonstration-scale recovery cost from acid: USD 18–21/lb; historical US operating cost USD 11–45/lb in 1979 dollars.
Uranium in phosphate rock: 50–200 mg/kg, individual deposits above 400 mg/kg. Distribution: 80–90% to acid, 10–20% to phosphogypsum.
World phosphate rock: 250 Mt/yr; US 20 Mt/yr (10 mines, 5 companies, 4 states; USD 100/t).
Uranium associated with global phosphate processing: ~13 900 t U/yr; ~9 000 t/yr above a 90 mg/kg cut-off — about 15% of world mine production.
World uranium mine production: 60 213 t U (2024); Kazakhstan 39%, Canada 24%, Namibia 12%; ISL >50% of output; mines cover 90% of reactor demand.
US: requirement ~19 000 t U/yr; mine output 534 t (2025), 260 t (2024), 6–88 t (2020–2022); ~97% imported. Russian import ban from Aug 2024 to end-2040; waivers expire 1 Jan 2028.
Florida: 25 phosphogypsum stacks, ~1 bn t accumulated, ~30 Mt/yr added.
Arbok-SA route: deep-vacuum cold boiling + in-solution separation, containerised. Shared platform with ARBOK-PHOSPHOGYPSUM, ARBOK-Lutetium, ARBOK-Erbium, ARBOK-Terbium, ARBOK-Lanthanum-Cerium, ARBOK-Thorium.
Technical: works the acid stream as it is; no threshold on concentration; no cascade.
Economic: the target element funds the project — a first in this series; the REE basket from the same pass becomes an addition rather than a requirement.
Strategic: doubles US domestic uranium production without a single new mine, exploration programme, land withdrawal or pit.
Phosphoric-acid plants; phosphogypsum stacks under closure obligation; mine water treatment under reclamation bonds; ISL wellfields. Connects to ARBOK-PHOSPHOGYPSUM, ARBOK-Phosphate, ARBOK-SA, ARBOK-Thorium, ARBOK-NUKE.
Direct determination of uranium in the specific stream (never inferred from rock average) → configuration → install on the existing acid or water line. Purchase or BOOM with off-take on the uranium fraction.
Platform TRL 9; Arbok-SA route per the lanthanum/phosphogypsum case. Uranium-specific field reference pending. Upgrading the fraction to commercial-grade yellowcake is not demonstrated or costed in-house.
The customer is not a uranium company — it is a phosphate fertiliser producer through whose plant uranium currently passes in transit earning nothing. No change to the core process, no rebuild of the sulphuric or ammonia section, no new market to learn: uranium concentrate is exchange-traded with established contracting. A second product from the same feed, on the same site, with the same staff.
Basis: site handling 1 Mt/yr of phosphogypsum = 200 000 t P₂O₅ = ~667 000 t rock = ~510 000 m³/yr of wet-process phosphoric acid = 1 400 m³/day = 7 ARBOK units of 200 m³/day.
Licensing. Uranium is radioactive feedstock; handling is licensed and is separate work for specialist operators. We deliver a fraction, not yellowcake and not fuel.
Grade variability. Uranium in phosphate rock varies by a factor of four between deposits; a site cannot be evaluated against an average.
Price cyclicality. The price of uranium has already destroyed this industry once. Project economics must be built on long-term contracts, not spot.
Residue acceptance and conservative phosphate-industry adoption as in the other phosphogypsum cases.
ARBOK-PHOSPHOGYPSUM · ARBOK-Phosphate · ARBOK-Thorium · ARBOK-Lutetium · ARBOK-Erbium · ARBOK-Terbium · ARBOK-Lanthanum-Cerium · ARBOK-SA · ARBOK-VC (Vacuum Cracking)
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